Check out James Smythe's most recent update to his rereading Stephen King adventure. Week 11, Smythe takes us back to the world of Cujo at
www.guardian.co.uk.
I love Smythe's note that Cujo doesn't pause to bother with chapters and things like that. It's "a constant rush of words, darting between characters and with reminiscing periods of backstory, but always pushing forward."
Smythe notes King's increased abuse of addictive substances is reflected in his books, and ultmatly Cujo is a metaphor for addiction. Though King admits that he was in the throws of serious drug abuse when he wrote Cujo -- so serious he does not remember writing it! -- I have trouble with the rabid dog being a symbol of drug use or addiction. He further sees Tad's death as a metaphor for drug addiction.
Smythe writes, "As I say, it's all one giant metaphor for King's addiction. Metaphor is there in all fiction if you look for it, of course, but this book aches with symbolism."
So how is Cujo a metaphor for drug addiction? Because he is a great pet -- until bitten. Once he is rabid, the dog ravages terror on innocent people. Smythe offers,
He – Cujo, King – is trapped inside whatever's driving his body for him. He hurts those he loves. He is brutal and remorseless, because he is not himself. Those who would stop him are cut down or trapped. They can only look at him through windows and pray he leaves them alone, or that they get a chance to stop him.
And how is Tad a symbol of addiction?
"Even when the demon is dead, it still kills them. Well, no. Actually, what kills Tad is his desperate need for a drink."
Even the structure of the book is a symbol to Smythe of King's addiction. The book is a rush toward the end because King is "unrelenting" in his addiction.
Smythe likes the book a lot, and says it is even more "tremendous" when you know the back story.
Now, here's what I find myself wondering: Do we really think Stephen King meant for the dog to be a symbol of drug addiction? Or the boy a symbol of alcoholism? Symbolism and metaphor don't work unless there is intent on the authors part. Did King mean to show a boy trapped in a car as a symbol of his own entrapment? I'm not sure at all King intended that. I think King meant to write a novel about a dog. That seems shallow after all the work Smythe did to get us to see the book at a deeper level -- but I just can't help the surface reading here!
Look, I'm glad to go deep and see metaphors. I'm a preacher! The Bible is full of symbolism, metaphor and typology. Even with Scripture (especially with Scripture) you have to have some sense that there was either intent on the authors part to make the metaphor or on God's part to include it in the text. Reading metaphor back into a text long after its composition is simply spinning your own application. Or, more bluntly: It's making stuff up to portray yourself as deep.
This stuff about metaphor presses me a little because I see it abused so often. It leads to bad exegesis and blurs the authors real intents. Ever been in a Bible study where every word symbolized something else ? "So when Jesus is born -- what does the manger represent?" A MANGER! If you make the manger something other than a feeding trough a baby was laid in, you lose focus on what the account is really about. Same for novels! To get too focused on your own interpretation of a metaphor the author never intended will cause you to miss the authors true intent.
So what is Cujo? As far as writing goes, it is King working to limit himself. He restricts the story to a woman and a boy trapped by a dog. He would press his skills further with Gerald's Game, binding a woman to the bed. How do I know this? Because King said so! He did tell us that The Shining is a picture of addiction.
Often you wouldn't get a writers symbolism unless he told you. Needful Things, which I loved, is a satire of the greed of the 1980's. How do I know that? King said so! (source:
Time) Having the authors interpretation helps, right? Otherwise you can read anything into anything!
Is Huck Finn about slavery? You bet! The message isn't even hidden. But what if I said Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles is a commentary on the dangers of space exploration. Is there a problem with that? Yes! Bradbury never said that was the message of the book. It seems much more that the Martian Chronicles is about stewardship and kindness. We are to stewards of whatever we are given (Earth or Mars) and resist the need to fight and beat down everything we encounter. The book can serve as a warning against atomic warfare, because Bradbury was actually concerned about those things. But you can't make it about anything, or in the end the book itself loses meaning in the commentary. The same is true of Cujo.
Symbolism has no weight without authors intent.